3 Beneficial Bacteria

1. Bifidobacterium 

This probiotic is commonly found in yogurt, animals, mammals; such as, the human intestines.  It importance is reflected in this ability to regulate intestinal microbial homeostasis, inhibit pathogens and harmful bacteria that tends to infect the gut mucosa, modulate local and systemic immune responses,  repress procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, produce vitamins, and  bioconvert dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.  Bifidobacteria are also used to prevent diarrhea, and to restore probiotics that were removed by radiation, chemotherapy, diarrhea, antibiotics, etc.

2. Lactobacillus Rhamnosus

This bacterium was once thought to be a part of the species L. casei, but later it was considered to be its own specie.  Lactobacillus rhamnosus is also found in yogurt and many other dairy or dairy related products.  It is beneficial, because it can inhibit the adhesion and growth of pathogens, by releasing acids, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide.  It also leads to the prevention of diarrhea and is used for probiotic therapy. 

3. Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus

This type of bacteria was known as Lactobacillus bulgaricus before 1984, but is now known as Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp. Bulgaricus .  It is used to produce yogurt and is naturally and usually found in fermented products.  It is used to preserve milk since it produces lactic acid when it feeds on lactose.  It is beneficial, because helps people that are lactose intolerant, since their digestive systems lack enzymes to break down lactose into simple sugars. 

Bacterial Transformation and Transduction

Bacterial transformation is when the genes of a cell is altered by a direct uptake, as shown in Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer's experiment.  Bacterial transduction is another process where DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another bacterium by a virus.  They showed bacterial transformation, and later bacterial transduction, by inserting the recombinant DNA they made into the E. coli bacteria by the process of plasmid.  Through that they were able to induce the uptake and show the expression of a new DNA sequence, showing the process of bacterial transformation.  

(The above post is based on the following link: http://www.dnalc.org/view/15916DNAtransformation.html.

The pictures above are taken directly from the link; not all of the steps are shown in the pictures above.)

Comparing Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy -> 6O₂+ C₆H₁₂O₆

The first image above, briefly describes the process of photosynthesis. 

Photosynthesis is the process where the light energy of the sun is converted into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. With autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, organisms obtain the organic molecules they require for energy and carbon skeletons.  Autotrophs make their own food and "feed themselves", while heterotrophs are consumers and they do no make their own food or "feed themselves".  This process involves the Calvin cycle, the electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, photophosphorylation, water and more.

Cellular Respiration 

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + energy

The second image above represents the process of cellular respiration
It is the most common catabolic pathway that uses oxygen in the breakdown of glucose or other energy-rich organic compounds to gain energy in the form of ATP. This type of process is an exergonic process where there  is a free energy change of -686 kcal/mol of glucose.  This process involves fermentation, glycolysis, the Kreb cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and more