LAST BLOG

What was your favorite topic this semester? Why?
What was your least favorite?
What would you change about this class if you could?
What do you feel is your biggest accomplishment in biology this year?


My favorite topic this semester was the study of animals, because the we had dissections.  I enjoyed working with group in the dissections of real specimens.  One of my most memorable dissections would be the shark.  The most exciting part of the dissection is when we found other marine animals within the shark's stomach.


My least favorite topic this semester is the study of genetics, because it frustrates me whenever I attempt to explain the concepts of genetics to my parents.  They complain about my short height; however, they don't believe that my height is a result of genetics.


If I could change something about this class, I would suggest an addition of a calendar of due dates.  This calendar would allow students time to plan according to the activities of this class and would be able to work ahead when time permits them.


I feel that my biggest accomplishment would be my success in keeping my big biology notebook.  My biggest notebook of my whole academic career had been my biology notebook.

Genome Chapter Summary (10)

Chromosome 10: Stress


"When you have a lot of cortisol coursing through your veins, you are - by definition - under stress. Cortisol and stress are virtually synonymous."  Cortisol as Ripley explains is produced by cholesterol and it is the hormone that interferes with the human immune system and it changes the sensitivity of the eyes and nose while altering bodily functions at the same time.  However, Ripley concludes this chapter by stating the different explanations for stress that he does not agree to.  Such reasons were proposed by Martin and Davies, and since Ripley does not find them convincing he ends with, "...so I challenge you to find a better one."

Genome Chapter Summary (9)

Chromosome 11: Personality

"A man's character is his fate."  -Heraclitus

Ripley begins this chapter by defining the word "personality", "It means the innate and individual element in character."  He describes that the genome is what make humans similar and different as seen in the same experiences of humans and their differences in personality.  Several examples of these cases includes the experience of stress and the different personalities included humans being shy, anxious, risk-seeking, etc.  With the explanation of the serotonin system, Ripley states that the human brain's serotonin system would respond to outside signals and there sensitivity to certain signals represents the differences in human personalities.   

Genome Chapter Summary (8)

Chromosome 22: Free Will


"Hume's fork: Either our action are determined, in which case we are not responsible for them, or they are the result of random events, in which case we are not responsible for them."
                                                                                    Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
In this chapter Ridley focuses on discussing the relationship between freedom and that it is how someone shows determinism and ownership.  This relationships explain the reason to the fear of cloning; cloning would allow an individual's unique characteristics to be shared and those characteristics would no longer be unique.  Therefore, Ridley concludes by stating "Everybody has a unique and different, endogenous nature. A self."  

Genome Chapter Summary (7)

Chromosomes X and Y: Conflict

         The following quotes clearly summarizes the X and Y chromosome's significance in this chapter of Ridley's Genome.  "The body is the victim, plaything, battleground and vehicle for the ambitions of genes.  The next largest chromosome after number seven, is called the X chromosome.  X is the odd one out, the misfit. ... The X and Y chromosomes are known as the sex chromosomes for the obvious reason that they determine, with almost perfect predestination, the sex of the body."  And Ripley concludes with " The idea of the gene in conflict with each other, the notion of the genome as a sort of a battlefield between parental genes and childhood genes, or between male genes and female genes, is a little-known story outside a small group of evolutionary biologists.  Yet it has profoundly shaken the philosophical foundations of biology.  

      In summary, Ripley points out the function of these chromosomes; they determine the sex of the offspring.  In addition he finishes as he mentions the conflicts that relate to these chromosomes such as the body being a "battlefield" and philosophical issues.

Genome Chapter Summary (6)

Chromosome 6: Intelligence

"I ought to write it out a hundred time as punishment: GENES ARE NOT THERE TO CAUSE DISEASES".  Ridley discusses a common misconception that most people have; genes are here to cause diseases, instead diseases are caused when genes are mutated or altered.  The next topic Ridley mentioned was one based on intelligence and it is involved with the sixth chromosome.  He brings up the conflict of intelligence being due to nature and/or nurture.  Genes being the cause would be nature; however, when the environment becomes a factor nurture would be the cause of one's intelligence.  He then elaborated on the topic of intelligence by relating it to several experiments, some involved psychology, humans, and others.  

    

3 Invertebrates

Sea Cucumber: Holothuroidea 

As echinoderms, sea cucumbers, have similar physical features of most echinoderms.  At first glance, they appear to have soft- bodies that resembles cucumbers.  Their physical features includes tube feet that that has the appearance of tentacles which surrounds their mouths.  Their systems allow them to recycle the material and waste they consume.  They also have other systems that allow them to defend themselves.  They maybe attack predators with sticky threads, contracting muscles, or the ejecting of internal organs.  Their unique structures allows them to grow back such organs quickly.  

Common Earthworm: Lumbricus Terrestris

Common earthworms came be 14 inches long and they are made of annuli, ring-like segments, that are surrounded by setae, small bristles.  Their features make up of a system that allows them to burrow underground, dig, and move.  Their mouth, which is in the first segment, allows them to dig and eat the soil they dig through.  Their clitellum allows them to reproduce by forming cocoons.  

Coral: Anthozoa

Corals or polyops have physical features of a soft and tiny translucent body.  The have a calicle or a limestone skeleton that allows for protection and the forming of reefs.  As corals attach to rocks or the ocean floor, corals begins to grow to form large colonies of reefs.  Other features and systems includes poisonous tentacles that allow them to consume prey.

Sources: http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/coral/
                http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/earthworm/
                http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/sea-cucumber/

Mind Map: Kidney Functions

BOW 4: Intelligence

            It is important to debate and define our understanding of intelligence and its origin, because new knowledge on anything may help us in the present and in the future.  Understanding the different definitions of intelligence, such as interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, linguistic, mathematical, musical, and naturalistic represent the eight intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner.  By using his theory we can determine our intelligences in different subject areas.  With that knowlege, we can study more productively and efficiently.  We would be able to survive socially and academically with this knowledge.  Like the proposal by Gardner, new debates may spark new theories.  With new theories we would have more knowledge as to how we may work even more productively and efficiently.  This relates to me, because I would be able to determine my intelligences.  By knowing my intelligences in different subject areas and social areas, I too would be able to act productively and efficiently towards my strive for survival.  

Genome Chapter Summary (5)

Chromosome 5: Environment

"It is a world of greys, of nuances, of qualifiers, of 'it depends'..."  Ripley claims that he has been misleading his readers; he s that genes are not exactly as simple as he had explained in the previous chapters.  In order to prove that genes aren't as simple at hey may seem, Ripley introduced the fifth chromosome.  One that is closely related to asthma; he begins to explain the complex, yet common disease and ties it into the complexity of genes and chromosomes.  Therefore, Ripley concludes his last paragraph by warning his readers with "You had better get used to such indeterminacy' since asthma can not be perfectly explained and chromosome 5 can not serve as a complete answer to the questions brought by asthma- why some people have asthma?, why does some people do not have asthma?, etc.  Lastly Ripley finishes by connecting to this chapter's title: "Simple determinism, whether of the genetic or environmental kind, is a depressing prospect for those with a fondness for free will."

Genome Chapter Summary (4)

"Chromosome 4: Fate"


Ridley begins Chapter 4 by expressing his opinions on the way scientists had named genes.  Most genes are identified with the diseases that they cause; however Ripley is against this way of naming genes, because our organs are not named for the diseases they cause.  Connecting this opinion to chromosomes, Ripley introduces the next chromosome.  The 4th chromosome, Ripley explains, contains the gene that "is actually the most famous of all the 'disease' genes because of a very different disease associated with it: Huntington's chorea."  The disease is caused when there is a mutation that gene; when the gene's repetition of CAG is altered, Ripley says "there are few worse fates."  The chapter continues about the findings and studies done on the disease.  Although, neither Nancy Wexler or Alice had taken the test, they have contributed to the findings of this fatal disease.  Ripley concludes this chapter as he relates the chances of being diagnosed with such a disease to the curse of Tiresias and states "your fate is in your genes" since little is known about this gene and that fatal consequences follows its diagnosis.  

Genome Chapter Summary (3)

"Chromosome 3: History"

Ripley began with the study of genes and say the that scientists has concluded that their "main purpose... is to sore the recipe for making proteins."  He then continues by describing Mendel's life and studies on pea plants, genes, and his relations to Darwin's studies.  His mentioned other issues such as "the problem of mutation [that] remained" and going through history we can see that "artificial mutation kick-started modern genetics."  The third chromosome discovered from a fungus called Aspergillus by two Spaniards, is introduced my Ripley towards the end of this chapter.  He states that it follow's Mendel's "abstract laws" by being "...the epitome of a boring gene, doing a boring chemical job in boring parts of the body, causing  a boring disease when broken" since it does not answer most questions that scientists ask, such as ones involving the origin of life and IQ.  Therefore, Ripley concludes this chapter with the discovery of the third chromosome.  

Genome Chapter Summary (2)

"Chromosome 2: Species"

"Chromosome 2, the second biggest of the human chromosomes, is in fact formed from the fusion of two medium-sized ape chromosomes, as can be seen from the pattern of black bands on the respective chromosomes.  Ridley, in this chapter began with describing the discovery of human chromosomes and the issue of people believing that humans have 24 chromosomes, rather than 23 chromosomes.  Ridley goes on a explains that "human beings are an ecological success...yet, the remarkable truth is that we come from a long line of failures."  He explains that humans were apes that barely survived possible extinction and he also mentioned the different times of the earth and species that thrived on it, such times included the Mesozoic and Cenozoic with organisms such as insects and dinosaurs.  Natural selection and evolution was also mentioned as Ripley continues to describe how humans had experienced this "long line of failures."  Ripley concludes by stating that simple changes in chromosomes can lead to major alteration on organisms and that "genes are recipes for both anatomy and behaviour." 

Genome Chapter Summary (1)

"Chromosome 1: Life"


"In this way simple truths can be read from the book that is the genome: the unity of all life, the primacy of RNA, the chemistry of the very earliest life on the plant, the fact that large, single-celled creatures were probably the ancestors of bacteria, not vice versa." is stated by Matt Ridley in his chapter of "Life".  In this chapter, Ridley compares RNA and DNA.  He also mentions the beginnings of life, its history, Ridley and also mentions bacteria.  In the start of this chapter he mentions a "word" and later reveals it to be RNA.  Similarly, Ridley talks about books and languages and connects those topics to the genomes by comparing it to being a book.  Therefore, Ridley introduces the importance of genomes and its relation to life.  

BOW 3: How Nephron Works

Nephrons, or kidneys are part of the human body and some other organisms.  They function as a regulator of water's and soluble material's concentration in the body, a filter of blood, and the excretion simulator if wastes through urine.  In addition, nephrons also regulate blood pressure, control the production of red blood cells, and regulate calcium levels in the body.  Therefore, nephrons are important in keeping the body clean and stable through its function as a regulator of concentrations and its function as a filter of wastes.  

Counter Currents

In relations of counter currents, the loop of henle(counter current mutliplier), and the bowman capsule is involved.  Kidneys are similar to the counter current exchange system in their ability to maintain a certain concentration of solute in order to produce urine.  

Hydrostatic Skeletons

Kidneys are similar to hydrostatic skeletons, because of their ability to excrete wastes.  kidneys excrete urine, where waste is taken from the organism's blood.  In terms of hydrostatic skeletons, wastes is also excreted in a similar way.  Such example is seen in worms, they are invertebrates that have hydrostatic skeletons which allow them to excrete wastes.


Sources:http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/kidney.htm

               http://www.ehow.com/facts_6067863_nephridia-earthworm_.html

               google images

BOW 2: Starfish

Starfish may be described in terms of their symmetry, germ cell layers, coelom, circulatory system, reproduction, feeding, excretion, and nervous system.  Echinodermatas have a five-rayed symmetry where they are presents as radial or bilateral.  As for layers, they have over two layers including several organs and tissues.  In terms of body cavity, they are coeloms.  They do no have gills, instead they have an open circulatory system.  For reproduction, it is usually through gonochoristic sexual reproduction.  They feed through a mouth that is located in the center of their backs and is broken done inside.  Echinodermatas do not have excretory organs; however, they have a circum-oesophageal ring as their nervous system.  Below are image examples of the living classes of Crinoidea, Ophiocistioidea, Astroidea, Echiinoidea, and Holothuoidea.  


Crinoidea

Ophiocistioidea

Astroidea

Echiinoidea

Holothuoidea

Sources: http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/echinodermata.html
                google images

BOW 1: Double Fertilization

Photo Credit: Lynette Brownfield and David Twell, University of Leicester.

In order to reproduce, angiosperms, or flowering plants require double fertilization to reproduce. Therefore, they require two sperm cells instead of one to continue their process of reproduction, such as seed production. Animals and other plants do not go through double fertilization, because they do not require two sperm cells.  Two such sperm cells are required, because they are needed to produce an embryo and an endosperm.  An embryo created as one sperm cell attaches to an egg cell.  An endosperm is created in the same way; however the sperm cell is attached to an egg cell in the ovary of the flower.  In addition, a gene, FBL17 is also introduced to break and protein, in order to begin cell division.  Therefore, double fertilization is important for angiosperm's reproduction and seed production. The picture above and below represent double fertilization.  

Sources: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp39/3902001.html http://www.science20.com/news_releases/fbl17_discovery_gene_behind_%E2%80%98plant_sex_mystery%E2%80%99

Extra Credit Blog

What topics really confused you?


Topics that has confused me most would be the Cell Chapters, because we spent the least time on those chapters due to the class's prior knowledge of cells.  However, our textbook discussed new concepts and specific ideas in depth where biology honors did not.


What topics do you feel very clear on?

The topics I feel very clear on includes ecology, ecosystems, and animal behavior; because, I had extra time in the summer to read over the chapters and the pill bug lab/ class discussions helped reinforce my reading. 


What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?


The pill bug lab and the pond water activity were my favorites, because I like taking care of pets. With the lab, I was able to reinforce my understanding of the textbook and care for organisms.


What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?


The cell respiration lab and bean growth lab were my least favorite, because they required a great amount of time.  My mistakes and miscalculations led to dire consequences and the lost my own and my group members' time. 


If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?


I believe that our class needs a clearer list of assignments along with their due dates( such as online quizzes, blogs, etc.) provided, since I often find my classmates and myself confused over what is assigned and when each assignment is due.  

Lit Circle Post #2: Time, Love, Memory's 3 Concepts

Time
The concept of time is mentioned in Chapter 8: First Time.  It began with the quote "-As if the idea of time had been disturbed.-" by Charles Darwin in the M notebook.  This chapter discussed the Konopka's experiments and the "clock gene" being discovered and how Seymour explains this Benzer's lab to Max Delbrucks at a seminar at Caltech.  "With the discovery of the clock gene, the sense of time, mysterious for so many centuries, was no longer a mystery that could be observed only from the outside." (110)  This discovery helped ease the recording of observations for behavior labs; therefore, time is an important concept.


Love
The concept of love is discussed in Chapter 9, First Love .  It began with the quote "What is it men in women do require?  The lineaments of Gratified Desire.  What is it women do in men require?  The lineaments of Gratified Desire." by William Blake in The Question Answer'd. This concept is demonstrated with the description of how Benzer and other scientists had crossed flies.  The flies' behavior and reproduction is discussed to emphasis the importance of this concept; being about to understand reproduction, helps them conduct their experiments and to record their observations.  


Memory
The last main concept, memory, is discussed in Chapter 10: First Memory.  The quote it begins with is from Elie Wiesel's All Rivers Run to the Sea, "Memory is a passion no less powerful or pervasive than love."  As the last chapter of Part Two: Konopka's Law, it discusses Benzer's relationships with his students as postdocs.  Benzer was know for sharing his discoveries, while some scientist chooses to keep things to themselves.  Benzer and his students had even shared haircuts, by doing so he was known for keeping close relationships with people around him.  With his first experiment, his memory of observations are passed on to many more people. This transportation of information is "helping to change our view of all behavior, including the behavior of the human family." (141) 

Seymour Benzer 

Cell Poem

Cells

What is the fundamental unit of life?

Cells, cells, cells

What do their structures include?

ribosomes for protein production

membrane-bound organelles for replication, RNA synthesis, energy transformation

endomembrane systems for transport, export, digestion, manufacture, and storage

cytoskeleton for providing support, movement

cell surfaces and junctions for support, communication, connection

What are their structures for? 

ribosomes for protein production

membrane-bound organelles for replication, RNA synthesis, energy transformation

endomembrane systems for transport, export, digestion, manufacture, and storage

cytoskeleton for providing support, movement

cell surfaces and junctions for support, communication, connection

What is the fundamental unit of life?

Cells, cells, cells

Plant Division Examples

Angiosperms 

Magnolia Virginiana

Flowering plants and vascular seed plants make up the division of angiosperms, they are placed in the phylum of Anthophyta.Their flowers and fruits allow them to reproduce.  Other parts of the flower and the angiosperms are also specialized for production and survival.  Such parts that sums up a flower includes, petals, stamens, sepals, and carpels.  Alterations of generations have change these parts and their process throughout years, and is now improved.  The process of reproduction is then passed on to the responsibility of pollinators, such as insects.  Female sex organs receive pollen from bees and pollinators as they pass on pollen from other parts of the plant.   




Gymnosperms 

Picea Glauca Needles

Gymnosperms were common in the Mesozoic Era, they were seen in four phylas(caycads, ginkos, gnetophytes, and the most known- conifers).  Unlike, angiosperms, gymnosperms are not flowering plants; they do not have flowers.  Therefore, they do not have ovaries; gymnosperms have cones with scales.  Their seeds and ovules are produced in their cones, for angiosperms they are produced in their ovaries. 


Bryophytes 

Marchantia

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts make up the three phyla of bryophytes.  A few characteristics of bryophytes include the absence of many tissues and their dominant generation being the gametophyte.  They are known to not have conducting tissues that transport organic substances and water in thicker tissues. However, they do have tissues that are specialized that work in water based areas.   They also do not have lignin coatings in their structure; without this coating, they have a shorter and weaker structure compared to other plants.  As for their dominant generation, their gametophytes allow its cells to be near minerals and water, due to their thin layers.

Pteridophytes 

Cyathea Arborea

Pteridophytes are commonly known as non-seed vascular plants.  They have phloem and xylem which depends on spores; therefore, are not similar to plants that produce seeds.  They are found on land and may have evolved from the pass green algae.  They are categorized in two phyla, peterophyta and lycophyta. Some examples include, ferns, spike mosses, club mosses, and horsetails.  Pteridophytes are mostly found in damp areas, since their reproductive processes involve flagellated sperms to swim pass water and to eggs.  Their structure also includes lignified vascular tissue and spores.  

Article(#4): On Society as Organisms

The author of this article had presented that idea the most humans believe that they work independently and are capable of doing so.  However, in reality we live in a society where we must work together for our survival.  An example that the author provides are the Herrings and fishes that work together to form a large "multi-fish organism".  It illustrates that a school of fish or a group of organisms have a better advantage over a single individual of a whole species in survival.  I strongly agree to this concept of working together as "multi-organisms" since, humans doing work in groups similar to the way fishes do. Like the the saying goes, "Two minds are better than one"

A School of Acanthuridaes

Articles(#1): The Lives of a Cell

Allium cells

The "Modern Man" is describe in this article as being a strong or even lethal force on Earth, by being compared to weaker objects such as bubbles and birds.  However, the author then calls it an illusion, that humans are in reality, much weaker than most beings on Earth.  Then the idea is of humans being a single cell or the human body as an ecosystem is then presented in the fourth paragraph, with different parts acting as the mitochondria, centrioles, and basal bodies.  With similarities with other organisms through evolution and symbiosis humans may be very much alike other organism; however, they still have differentiation and speciation.  In the conclusion, the author expresses his conclusion of the theory of Earth being an organism.  The author decided that Earth "is most like a single".  Recalling the theories mentioned, this conclusion is supported.

"The Marble Blue"

  

Article(#3): Thoughts for a Countdown

The Earth's Moon

The article started out with the introduction of astronauts returning to Earth from the Earth's Moon.  The author mentions the "ceremonies" they conduct as they land on Earth. Such "ceremonies include meeting the president, staying in sealed boxes, and other "antiseptic ceremonies".  The author shows that astronauts may have carried back organisms from space, and hence they must conduct all those careful "ceremonies".  By generalizing, the author may have meant that in this century, most people would be in fear for the findings of new organisms and the diseases they may carry.  People tend to have fear towards microbes and they are often  forgetful of the symbiotic and beneficial abilities of many microbes.  The technology we have now are not yet capable in studying microbes even on Earth; there is a chance that many more are not yet studied.  This is the case, because most microbes cannot be cultivated in our present labs or have not yet been discovered.  Therefore, certain bacteria and fungi serves as models to help scientist study the nature of microbes and other organisms.  

Some bacteria live in cockroaches; they are in the mycetocytes of cockroaches and termites and are later transmitted to future generations.  Although it is not for certain, bacteria are beneficial to some insects.  Even eukaryotes 's origins may  have been from prokaryotic cells.  In sea life, for example, crabs and damsel fish recognize others with certain anemones. Some organisms and their hosts even make hybrids when their cells make its way to their hosts.  Therefore, the fear of new organisms may be unnecessary, since organism may form hybrids or work together on Earth. 

Virtual Diffusion Simulation

The simulation starts with this introduction.

The virtual cell's rate of diffusion is effected by the change in the variable presented above.  Different variable changes allow for different rates of diffusion.  The greatest rate of diffusion for this cell is at 4.64.  After a few tries, it is found that the rate of diffusion, and surface area to volume ratio decreases as the size of the radius increase.  However, the increase of dimples and the villi percent of cell surface are had no affect on diffusion.  The increase of dimples and the villi percent of cell surface area has and correlation relationship with the volume ratio; although, they don't affect the rate of diffusion.  Similarly, the surface area to volume ratio and rate of diffusion is not affected by the dimple percent of cell surface area.  When the structural shape of the cell itself changes the rate of diffusion changes.  As the cell becomes thin, the rate of diffusion increases.  The increase of diffusion is possibly due to the more accessible passage of particles in thinner/ flatter structures. Therefore, the cell's structural shape is the reason to the change in cell diffusion and not the other factors.    

Diffusion increases as the cell thins out/ flattens.

Source:  http://mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/j_explorations/ch02expl.htm

Articles(#2): A Fear of Pheromones

A Fear of Pheromones

This article discussed the idea of humans having the function of "releasing odors into the air to convey information".  The concept of having humans release moisture and gases seem unrealistic and strange, since humans have the ability to communicate through other instruments( telephones, notes, etc.)  According to the article they have evidence that these such anatomic structure do exists in humans- hair, folds of skin, etc.) Pheromones that are known are simple and small, they are used to send messages to other species and members within species.  

 Examples of animals with pheromones, include moth's bombykol, chemical attractions, monkey's estradiol, and fish- catfish leader's scent, bullhead's scent used to distinguish between different species.  Examples of humans that seem to prove the existent of pheromones include synchronization in health cycles, beard growth, and sweat production.  However, modern technology may be stopping the production of human pheromones, since can already communicate easily.  The article ended with the idea of continuing this study.

"Time, Love, Memory"

Time, Love, Memory: A Great Biologist and His Quest for the Origins of Behavior is a non-fiction novel written by Jonathan Weiner. I am about a little more than a third way through the novel. The main point that fasinated me the most would be the ability of flies to contribute to science.  Flies are simple, small living organisms; however, they play a really significant role in our lives. The many experiments conducted in this novel were possible because of the flies.  Benzer, Morgan, and other scientists all conducted experiments with flies. 

 They described that the secret of life is the reason for scientists to conduct experiments.  As they conducted them they often used files; therefore, their importance tend to surprise me most. They seemed to have acted as small, annoying pests that most people would overlook; however, they are actually significant contributors to scientific discoveries!

THE EXTREME: GREAT WHTE SHARKS

Carcharodon carcharias

Carcharias or the Great White Shark is one of the most extreme species on Earth.  I may also be known as the "Great White", the "White Death", the "White Pointer", etc.  They are often featured in many films, such as "Jaws" and best-selling novels.  

Although this being is known for it's size and teeth it is also categorized as "vulnerable" for threaten species.  It may be the largest known macropredatory fish since it is the primary predator for large marine mammals.  It has a strong bite force and its general size ranges from 3-4 meters and 1,500 - 2,400 pounds as males while females are slightly larger.  

The blue area sums up the range of the Great White's habitats around the globe.  

Great White Sharks are Extreme creatures!